A). Elements

B). Atoms

C.  Parts of an Atom
( and subatomic particles)

1).  Nucleus: the central area of the atom

  a).  Neutrons

  b).  Protons 

2).  Orbit: area surrounding the nucleus.

  a).  Electrons

 

D.  Ions & Isotopes

electrons = protons

 

The number of protons never change.

 

 ISOTOPE: number of neutrons changes

ION: number of electrons changes

 

IV).  Chemical Bonds

Electrons can be

 1. ‘taken’ ionic bond

2.  ‘shared equally’ nonpolar covalent

3.  ‘shared unequally’ polar covalent

 

V).  Molecules and Compounds

A).  Compound:   

  i.e.). H2O water     CH4  methane

B).  Molecule: 

C. Law of conservation of mass

Mass CAN NOT be created or destroyed.   All chemical formulas MUST balance.     C6H12O6 + 6O2------> 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose)     + (oxygen)-------à (carbon dioxide)  + (water)   6 carbons on the left 6 carbons on the right 12 hydrogen on the left 12 hydrogen on the right 18 oxygen on the left 18 oxygen on the right

 

Burn 10 pounds of wood and the ash plus the gas must equal 10 pounds

 

 

VI).  Acids & Bases

A). Acids

  Releases hydrogen ions (H+).

HCl → H+  +  Cl-

B).  Base

Proton (H+)  acceptor  that releases an hydroxyl ion (OH-).

NaOH  <-> Na+ + OH-

pH 7 the H+ = OH-. pH lower than 7 is acidic and the H+ > OH-. pH greater than 7 is basic or alkaline and the OH- > H +.

VII).  Inorganic & Organic Compounds

A).  Inorganic:  do not contain carbon

 

B).  Organic: contain carbon

	hydrocarbons (methane)
	chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCBs)
	chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
	carbohydrates
	proteins
	nucleic acids
	fats

C).  Characteristics of Organic compounds

	Contains carbon (C) & hydrogen (H)
	covalently bind in 4 places.
	binds with hydrogen
	“subunit type” that  bind to other “subunit types

 

D).  Monomers & Polymers

Type of Organic Molecule	monomers	polymers
Carbohydrates	Monocarbohydrates or Monosaccharide	Polycarbohydrates  or Polysaccharides
Lipids	Fatty Acids	Saturated & Polyunsaturated Fats
Amino Acids	Amino Acids	Peptides & Proteins
Nucleic Acids	Nucleic Acids	DNA & RNA

VIII). Energy

A.  Classification of Energy

1). Kinetic energy

2). Potential energy

 

IX.  Basic Laws of Physics

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass CAN NOT be created or destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics (entropy)

Natural processes tend to move to a state of greater disorder. When energy changes some of the energy is changed into unusable forms.

X.  Energy Flow

A. activation energy

All chemical reactions result in the net absorption or release of energy.

 

All reactions also need a ‘kick-start’ energy that gets the reaction going

B). Entropy

Both matter and energy tend to become more disordered (lower quality)

 

The low quality energy (entropy) cannot be used for work.

 

The quantity does not change just the quality

 

C).  Heat

1). Heat

2). Temperature 

3).  Thermal Capacity

4). Heat flows from hot to cold.

D.  Energy Flow in a Food Chain

A). Photosynthesis

	A process that only occurs in the chloroplasts of plants.
	Converts water & carbon dioxide into sugar

Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose bonds (potential energy)

 

B). Respiration

 

Energy + C6H12O6 + 6O2 Þ 6CO2 + 6H2O          sugar oxygen Þ carbon dioxide + water 36 ADP + 36 Phosphate ---à 36 ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Respiration releases energy in the form of ATP when glucose bonds are broken (kinetic)