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Anatomy & Physiology I

Final Review

This is only meant as a review of material. It is not an exclusive list of all of the questions on the final. It is a fairly comprehensive list of the material that is will needed to answer those questions. Combine this material together do not try to learn it in separate bites. All of this interrelates make sure you know how it does.

ACTION POTENTIALS

(neurons & muscles)

bulletKnow exactly what is happening (in terms of charges, ion movement, and type of transport) at each stage of an action potential
bulletKnow what ions are involved in an action potential
bulletKnow how a resting potential is maintained.
bulletKnow if the membrane is negative or positive on the outside and on the inside and how it got there.
bulletKnow parts of an action potential and what is occurring
bulletDepolarization
bulletRepolarization
bulletRelative Refractory Period
bulletAbsolute Refractory Period
bulletHyperpolarizing
bulletKnow what ions are moving across the membrane during depolarization and repolarization.
bulletKnow when Na+ and K+ move through the membrane and how they do it.
bulletKnow where the greater concentration of Na+ and K+ are when a cell is polarized
bulletKnow when the cell is negative on the inside.
bulletKnow if ATP is required
bulletKnow when ions move by diffusion and active transport.

NEURONS

bulletKnow the parts and the functions of the neuron.
bulletCell body
bulletDendrite
bulletAxon
bulletAxon terminals
bulletSchawn Cells
bulletNodes of Ranvier
bulletKnow which direction information is carried through an axon bulletKnow what a nerve impulse is. bulletKnow how an action potential is carried through a neuron. bulletKnow where action potentials and graded potentials occur and what the difference between the two. bulletKnow what a neurotransmitter is and how it works

 

NERVOUS SYSTEM
bulletWhat are the functions of the nervous system
bulletIntegrative
bulletSensory
bulletMotor
bulletIdentify and know what are the differences between:
bulletcentral nervous system
bulletperipheral nervous system
bulletsensory nervous system
bulletsomatic nervous system
bulletautonomic nervous system
bulletsympathetic nervous system
bulletparasympathetic nervous system
bulletKnow what structures are and are not innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
bulletKnow the function of the Vagus nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system
bulletKnow what the somatic nervous system innervates compared to the autonomic system.
bulletKnow what the structures the central nervous system refers to.
bulletKnow what the blood brain barrier is and what it protects the brain from.

 

CRANIAL NERVES

bulletKnow where cranial nerves originate and what the general functions are.
bulletAre cranial nerves somatic or autonomic or both.
bulletAre cranial nerves paired or unpaired
bulletKnow the name and general function of the cranial nerves
bullet
bulletOlfactory
bulletOptic
bulletOculomotor
bulletFacial
bulletVagus

 

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

bulletKnow that the somatic system involves skeletal muscle and skin
bulletKnow what a reflex is.
bulletKnow that a reflex involves the spinal cord or cranial nerves but not conscious control
bulletKnow that a reflex can be learned and modified
bulletKnow the parts and order of a reflex arc.
bulletAffecter
bulletSensory nerve
bulletIntegration Center
bulletMotor Nerve
bulletEffector
 bulletKnow which way sensory nerves (afferent) always carry information bulletKnow which way motor nerves (efferent) always carry information bulletKnow what the terms afferent and efferent means bulletKnow the difference between peripheral nerves and the central nervous system bulletKnow the location of the major nerve plexuses and where they leave the spinal cord.
bulletCervical
bulletBrachial
bulletLumbar
bulletSacral
bulletKnow the locations of the following nerves and which nerve plexus they come from:
bulletRadial
bulletUlnar
bulletMedian
bulletSciatic
bulletFemoral
bulletIntercostal

 

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 

bulletKnow what the function of the autonomic nervous system.
bulletKnow that the autonomic system does not control skeletal muscle
bulletKnow that the autonomic nervous system is involuntary.
bulletKnow which system is involved in fight or flight and which system is involved in resting and maintenance.
bulletKnow that both system innervate most organs but don’t have the same effect
bulletKnow what the general function of the parasympathetic nervous system is.
bulletKnow what the general function of the sympathetic nervous system is.
bulletKnow what is unique about the vagus nerve and which system it belongs to.

SPECIAL SENSES

bulletKnow the types of receptors and match them to a sense
bulletMechanical receptors
bulletPain receptors
bulletChemoreceptors
bulletPhotoreceptors
bulletThermoreceptors
bulletKnow the function of rods and cones in vision
bulletKnow what causes pain
bulletKnow what is meant by senses adapting

MUSCLES
bulletKnow what a motor unit is.
bulletKnow what the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
bulletKnow what a sarcomere is.
bulletKnow what the functional unit of a muscle fiber is
bulletKnow what myofibrils are.
bulletKnow what myosin and actin are and how do they interact.

(Which is the thin filament and which is the thick filament)

bulletKnow what the functions of Na+, K+ and Ca++ are in muscle contraction
bulletKnow what the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is
bulletKnow what stimulates a muscle fiber.
bulletKnow how the sliding filament model of contraction works.(i.e. actin and myosin slide past each other)
bulletKnow what causes oxygen debt. Include other systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
bulletHow do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems affect oxygen debt.
bulletKnow what factors affect the build up of lactic acid
bulletKnow what the functions of ATP are in a muscle contraction (movement of filaments) and the maintenance of resting potential
bulletKnow what happens in there is a shortage of ATP (and how that shortage occurred)
bulletKnow what is meant by bicep, triceps, and quadriceps
bulletKnow what the terms origin and insertion mean
bulletKnow the relationship between muscle activity and body temperature
bulletDo muscles utilize heat or release it.
bulletWhat are cross bridges and what would prevent their formation
bulletKnow what happens when a sarcomere is stretched too far. What happens to cross bridge formation
bulletWhat is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and how does it impact Ca++
bulletHow does Ca++ affect cross bridge formation.
bulletKnow the difference between an agonist and an antagonist

JOINTS

bulletWhat is the relationship between joints and skeletal movement.
bulletWhat is the difference between nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial movements. Know examples of each.
bulletKnow what the functions of joints are
bulletKnow what the function of tendons and ligaments are in relation to joints.
bulletKnow what the functions of tendon sheaths and bursae are
bulletKnow what synovial fluid is and what its function is.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

bulletKnow what types of cartilage are present
bulletKnow what hyaline cartilage is and what its function in a joint
bulletKnow what the functional unit of compact bone is.
bulletKnow what the gross anatomy of a long bone and the function of each structure
bulletCompact bone
bulletSpongy bone
bulletlamellae
bulletOsteon
bulletHaversian’s canal
bulletEpiphyseal plate
bulletDiaphysis
bulletEpiphysis
bulletKnow what the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is. bulletKnow that both are involved in embryonic development bulletKnow what would encourage the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts bulletKnow how the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts affects Ca++ level in the blood bulletKnow what cells are responsible for bone remodeling.

SKIN bulletKnow what are the functions of the skin. bulletKnow the layers of skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis bulletKnow where the blood supply is and how nutrients travel to the upper layers of the skin

bulletKnow the primary tissue types of each layer. bulletKnow where the sensory receptors are found (hair, epidermis etc) bulletKnow how does the skin function in thermoregulation. bulletKnow what happens when the body is cold bulletKnow what happens when the body is hot. bulletKnow what is the difference between first, second, & third degree burns and what problems are faced by the patient bulletKnow what homeostatic determinations a physician can make by looking at the color of the skin.

CELLS bulletKnow how diffusion works and factors that may affect it. bulletKnow what facilitated diffusion is. bulletKnow how active transport works. bulletKnow pinocytosis and phagocytosis mean bulletKnow which process requires energy and which do not. bulletKnow what osmosis is and how it works bulletKnow what molecules make up the cell membrane. bulletKnow what selectively permeable means. bulletKnow what an enzyme is

ORIENTATION TO THE HUMAN BODY bulletKnow what is meant be increasing order of complexity (atom-molecule etc) bulletKnow what homeostasis means and be able apply some of the mechanisms that maintain homeostatisis. bulletKnow how negative and positive feedback work.

Test taking hints:

Before completing a matching section write the answers on the test. Thus you are less likely to just mark something to mark something because you only have one option left.

Circle what the important point of the question, particularly if it is looking for something that does not apply (i.e. This is not one of …). Than go through the choices and write alongside why that choice will not work.

Draw systems, action potentials etc.