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Anatomy & Physiology I

Study Guide Test 3

Joints

 1.      Know what the functions of joints are.

2.      Know what a suture joint is.

3.      Know the types and examples of synovial joints

a.      Plane joints

b.      Hinge Joints

c.        Pivot Joints

d.      Condyloid Joints

e.      Saddle Joint

f.        Ball and Socket Joints

4.      Know what a cartilaginous joint is.

5.      Know what a fibrous joint is.

6.      Know what a synovial joint is and its parts.

7.      Know what the function of synovial fluid is

8.      Know how joints are classified.

9.      Know what factors influence joint stability

10.  Know what these are:

a.      tendons

b.      ligaments

c.       bursae

d.      menisci

e.       cartilage

 

Muscles

I have included a number of diagrams because the diagrams or information from the diagrams will be on the test.

  1. Know the structure and the break down of a muscle
bulletFascicle
bulletMuscle fiber
  1. Know the muscle coverings
bulletPerimysium
bulletEndomysium
  1. Know what the terms are for muscle plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Know what causes the striations in skeletal muscle

 

Breakdown of muscle structure
  1. Know what the various bands represent.
bulletH zone,
bulletM line
bulletZ disc
bulletA band
bulletI band
  1. Know the structure of a muscle fiber and what a sarcomere is.
  2. Know what myofibrils are.
  3. Know what myosin and actin are and how do they interact.

(Which is the thin filament and which is the thick filament)

  1. Know what the functions of Na+, K+ and Ca++ are in muscle contraction
  2. Know all of the stages of an action potential:
bulletDepolarization,
bulletRepolarization,
bulletRefractory period
Action potential
  1. Know what is happening to the membrane potential during an action potential.
  2. Know what is happening to the Na+ gate.
  3. Know what is happening to the K+ gate
  4. Know what ions are moving across the membrane during depolarization and repolarization.
  5. Know when ions move by diffusion and active transport.
  6. Know what stimulates a muscle fiber
  7. Know what a neurotransmitter is and what it does.
  8. Know and understand what is happening in this diagram.
stages of muscle contraction
 
  1. Know how the sliding filament model of contraction works.

(ie. actin and myosin slide past each other)

sliding filament theory
  1. Know what a cross bridge is.
  2. Know what blocks cross bridge formation.
  3. Know what unblocks cross bridge formation
  4. Know general metabolism.
bulletProducts of glycolysis
bulletStages of cellular respiration
bulletImportance of the Kreb’s cycle
bulletThe electron transfer chain and the product is:
bulletKreb’s cycle and the electron transfer chain are aerobic
bulletFermentation is an anaerobic pathway
bulletProducts of fermentation are:
  1. Know what anaerobic and aerobic means.
  2. Know which processes are anaerobic and aerobic
  3. Know what causes oxygen debt.
  4. Know what the effects of lactic acid are
  5. Know what the function of ATP is in muscle contraction.
  6. Know what is meant by (and what causes):
bulletall of none,
bulletstaircase effect,
bulletmuscle tone,
bulletincomplete tetanus,
bullettetanus
bulletPropagation
stages of a muscle contraction
 
  1. Know what the stages of a muscle contraction are (and what causes each stage)
bulletLatent period
bulletContraction Period
bulletRelaxation Period
bulletRefractory Period
  1. Know what motor unit is.
  2. Know what threshold stimulus means
  3. Know what is meant by isometric and isotonic contraction
  4. Know what affects muscle strength