I). Functions

A). Distribution

B). Regulation

C). Protection

II). Components

A). Plasma

1). 90% water

2). 2% 100’s of solute.

3). 8% Plasma proteins

B). Formed elements:

all formed elements originate with the stem cell

1). Erythrocytes:

2). Leukocytes

a). Granulocytes i). Neutrophils ii). Eosinophils iii). Basophils b). Agranulocytes i). Lymphocytes ii). Monocytes

3). Platelets

III). Erythrocytes

A). Function

Respiratory gas transport

i).    great affinity

ii).   a large surface area

 iii). not use the oxygen

iv).  small size

B). Structure

1). Biconcave

2). No nucleus

3). Few organelles

4). Small

5). hemoglobin molecules

C). Hemoglobin proteins

4 polypeptide chains & 4-heme pigment that contain iron

O2 binding

Hb + O2 <----------> HbO2

 

D). Production of Erythrocytes:   Erythropoiesis

1). Hemocytoblast stem cell

2). Stem cell becomes committed

3). Early erythroblasts have ribosomes

4). Erythroblasts accumulate iron and hemoglobin

5). Normoblasts eject organelles

6). Released as erythrocyte

 

E). Controls of RBC concentration

 

1). Hormonal

i). Erythropoietin released by the kidneys

ii). Testosterone enhances erythropoietin

 

2). Erythrocyte destruction

i). Macrophages engulf old RBCs

ii). Iron is salvaged

iii). Heme degrades into bilirubin

 

 

SUMMARY of Development and Destruction Erythrocytes

 

Low O2

↓

Kidney releases erythropoietin

↓

 erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow

↓

RBCs are released

↓

Old, damaged RBCs engulfed by macrophages

                                  ↓                                                                 ↓

Remaining heme                                                       Iron recycled

↓

Become bilirubin

↓

Goes to the liver

↓

Bilirubin secreted in bile

↓

Bile enters the intestine

↓

Converts to urobilinogen

↓

Excreted in feces

F). ABO Blood Types

1).  Antigens & Antibodies

 

Red blood cells have proteins called antigens on the membranes

These can be A or B (or Rh) or all 3 or none of them.

If there are no A/B antigens the type is O.

If there are no Rh antigens it is Rh-.

 

Another set of proteins in the plasma are called antibodies or agglutinogens

An individual does not contain antibodies to the antigens on their red blood cells.

 

i.e.  A person with an A antigen would not have an A antibody

(anti-A) in their plasma because it would clump their red blood cells.

 

They would however have an antibody to antigens that are not normally present (anti-B)

 

2). Typing

   

Type O does not react  to anti A or anti B

Type A reacts to Anti A but not Anti B

Type B reacts to Anti B but not Anti A

Type AB reacts to both Anti A & B

 

Rh+ reacts to Anti Rh.

Rh- does not react Anti Rh.

http://orion.ramapo.edu/~spetro/labsyllabus/lbsys05.html

 

Percentage of the Population With Each Blood Type

 

	Rh+	Rh-
O	38.5%	6.5%
A	34.3%	5.7%
B	8.6%	1.4%
AB	4.3%	0.7%

 

3).  Transfusions

ABO blood types cannot receive any blood that contains antigens that will clump in the presence of their natural antibodies.

 

O- cannot take blood from A+-, B+-, or AB+-.

Because they have  anti-A, anti-B and Anti-Rh

They can only take  O-.

 

 

Universal donor has no antigens:  O-

Universal acceptor has no antibodies:  AB+

 

 

 

4). Genetics:

i). O is recessive to A & B

ii). A and B are codominant

iii). Rh+ is dominant over Rh-

 

 

4). Rh factor in pregnancies

The Rh- mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies.

Causing hemolytic disease of the newborn this can lead to brain damage, mental retardation, and even death.

IV). Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

A). Leukopoiesis

 

• Myeloblasts become all of the granular leukocytes
• Monoblasts become monocytes
• Lymphoblasts become lymphocytes.

 

B). Granulocytes:

• Contain cytoplasmic granules.
• Generally spherical in shape

1). Neutrophils contains fine granules a 3-6 lobed nucleus
2). Eosinophils large course granules bi-lobed nucleus
3). Basophils stains very dark large histamine granules

 

C). Agranulocytes

• Lack granules.
• Spherical or kidney shaped nuclei

1). Lymphocytes Large dark spherical nucleus i). T-lymphocytes (T-cells) ii). B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
2). Monocytes Largest leukocytes U-shaped nucleus.

 

V). Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A). Formation

• Large multinucleated cells that pushes against the wall of the capillary.
• Cytoplasmic extensions stick through and separate.

B). Functions

C). Regulated by

http://www.mcl.tulane.edu/classware/pathology/Krause/Blood/Platelets.html

 

VI). Response to Vascular Injury

A). Vascular Damage results in vasoconstriction

B). Platelet Plug Formation

C). Coagulation (blood clotting)

SUMMARY

 

Platelets release  >

PF3  >

tissue factor other clotting factors >

Prothrombin activator is formed, >

Activator transforms prothrombin >

Prothrombin becomes thrombin >

catalyzes fibrinogen activates factor XIII >

fibrinogen becomes fibrin fibrin stabilizing factor >

Fibrin Mesh Forms >

Clot Forms

www.aabb.org American Association of Blood Banks

www.redcross.org American Red Cross

www.americasblood.org  America’s Blood Centers

 www.wkrbc.org  Western KY Regional Blood Center

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/  Blood typing game.  You can even stick the doctors.