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Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Respiratory system

Conducting Zone

No gas exchange

Respiratory Zone

Gas exchange

 

I). Conducting zone

A). Nose

1). External nose

Nose

Apex: 

Philtrum: 

External Nares or Nostrils:

Alae: 

 

2). Nasal Cavity

Nasal Cavity

 

nasal septum

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

3). Paranasal Sinuses

  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
  • maxillary

 

B). Pharynx

Regions:

1). nasopharynx

 

2). oropharnyx

 

3). layngopharnyx

 epiglottis

Pharnyx

 

C). Larynx

Larynx larnyx anatomy

1). Functions to:

2). Anatomy

i. Thyroid Cartilage

ii. Cricoid Cartilage

iii. Epiglottis

iv. Arytenoid Cuneiform

v. Corniculate Cartilages

vi. Vocal ligaments

vii  Glottis

 

3). Voice Production

i) Vibration

ii). Pitch

iii). Size of the glottis

v). Loudness

 

D). Trachea

Surrounded by rings of hyaline cartilage for strength

The trachea is flexible but cannot collapse because of the rings.

(The esophagus can collapse).

When food is swallowed the esophagus widens into the tracheal space. 

Lungs

1). Layers

i. Mucosa

ii. Submucousa

iii Adventitia

Trachea Histology
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Respiratory/respir.htm

 

rina
Trachea Histology
http://cats.med.uvm.edu/cats_teachingmod/histology/lectures_online/respiratory/outlines.htm

Carina: 

Terminal cartilage ring.

Very sensitive. 

Results in coughing when contacted by foreign material

bronchi anatomy

E). Primary Bronchi

left and right bronchi

F). Bronchial Tree

The bronchi sub divide into 2nd and 3rd bronchials and then continue to subdivide

23 pairs of branching passageways

G). Bronchioles

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

 

II). Respiratory Zone

Alveolar Sacs

A). Respiratory Bronchioles

Branch off of terminal bronchioles

Contain few alveoli

B). Alveolar ducts

C). Alveolar Sacs

D). Alveoli

Alveoli

1). Type 1 cells

 

2). Pulmonary Capillaries

Cover the outside surface

3). Respiratory Membrane

 

4). Type II cells

surfactant

5). Alveolar Pores

Connect the alveoli together and equalize the air pressure and provide alternate air routes to alveoli with collapsed bronchioles

6). Alveolar macrophages

Maintain sterile alveolar surfaces

 

Alveoli Histology

http://asb.aecom.yu.edu/histology/labs/lab16/lab16.asp
Alveolar Histology
http://www.muhlenberg.edu/depts/biology/courses/bio151/Histology/SimpleSquamousEpithelium.htm

III). Gross Anatomy

Lungs
 

A.  Left and right

1). Roots

2). Apex

3). Costal surface

4). Base

5). Hilus

6). Cardiac notch:

B. Lobes of the lung

1). Left

Superior
Inferior
oblique fissure

2). Right

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • horizontal fissure
  • Inferior
  • oblique fissure

C). Bronchopulmonary segments

10 segments divide each lobe

  Each segment receives its own air and blood supply

D). Lobule

Smallest visible segmentation of the lung

 

E). Innervations

Pulmonary plexuses supplies nerve fibers from the parasympathetic and some sympathetic systems

F). Pleurae

Lining of the chest

http://www.healthopedia.com/pictures/the-lining-of-the-chest-cavity-pleura.html

pulmonary membrane continuous with pericardial membrane

Parietal pleurae

Pulmonary (visceral) pleurae

 pleural space is filled with pleural fluid

IV). Blood Supply

A. Terminology
1.Pulmonary Circulation
2.Cardiac Circulation
3.Systemic circulation

B.  Blood Supply

1). Pulmonary Circulation

a). Pulmonary Arteries

b). Pulmonary veins

2). Bronchial Circulation

C.  Pulmonary Circulation

1.  Leaving the Heart (pulmonary arteries)

 

2.  Return to the heart (pulmonary veins)